汽缸是鑄造而成的，汽缸出廠后都要經過時效處理，使汽缸在住鑄造過程中所產生的內應力*消除。如果時效時間短，那么加工好的汽缸在以后的運行中還會變形。
汽缸在運行時受力的情況很復雜，除了受汽缸內外氣體的壓力差和裝在其中的各零部件的重量等靜載荷外，還要承受蒸汽流出靜葉時對靜止部分的反作用力，以及各種連接管道冷熱狀態下對汽缸的作用力，在這些力的相互作用下，汽缸易發生塑性變形造成泄漏。
汽缸(gang)的負荷增減過快，特(te)別是快速的啟動、停機和工(gong)況變(bian)化(hua)時(shi)(shi)溫度變(bian)化(hua)大、暖缸(gang)的方式(shi)不正確、停機檢修時(shi)(shi)打開保溫層(ceng)過早(zao)等，在汽缸(gang)中(zhong)和法蘭上產生很大的熱(re)應力(li)和熱(re)變(bian)形。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)根據通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導體在磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場中受(shou)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)而制(zhi)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)內部有(you)(you)一永磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體，在極間產生(sheng)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場，在磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場中有(you)(you)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)，線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)各(ge)有(you)(you)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)游絲彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)，彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)各(ge)連接(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)柱，在彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)與線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)間由(you)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)連接(jie)(jie)(jie)，在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)相對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前端(duan)(duan)(duan)，有(you)(you)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)指(zhi)針(zhen)。當有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)沿彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)切(qie)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)感線(xian)(xian)，所(suo)以(yi)受(shou)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，使線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)發生(sheng)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，帶動(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)、指(zhi)針(zhen)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。由(you)于磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)隨(sui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)增(zeng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)而增(zeng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)，所(suo)以(yi)就可以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)指(zhi)針(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)程(cheng)度來觀察電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)。一般可直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)微(wei)安(an)或毫安(an)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，為測(ce)(ce)更(geng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)應(ying)有(you)(you)并聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)（又稱分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)）。主要采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)。分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值要使滿(man)量(liang)(liang)程(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)滿(man)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，即(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)指(zhi)示達到最大(da)(da)(da)(da)。對(dui)于幾(ji)安(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，可在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)內設置分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。對(dui)于幾(ji)安(an)以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，則(ze)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)外附(fu)分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值很小(xiao)，為避免引線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)和接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)附(fu)加于分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)而引起(qi)誤差，分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)要制(zhi)成四端(duan)(duan)(duan)形式(shi)，即(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)(duan)(duan)，兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓端(duan)(duan)(duan)。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)主要采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)系測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(見機(ji)械式(shi)指(zhi)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou))，這(zhe)些測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)基本(ben)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，可用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)測(ce)(ce)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。對(dui)于大(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，磁(ci)(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)要使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)并聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)將大(da)(da)(da)(da)部分(fen)被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。對(dui)約10A以(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)多采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)內附(fu)分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi);對(dui)更(geng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值，則(ze)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。它采(cai)取(qu)四端(duan)(duan)(duan)結構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(圖a)，具有(you)(you)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)(duan)(duan)，兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位端(duan)(duan)(duan)。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)可采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)系或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)系測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)。為使磁(ci)(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)也(ye)能用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，可利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)或熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶等器(qi)(qi)(qi)件先將交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換為直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu);由(you)它們組合而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)分(fen)別稱為整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(見整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao))、熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。為擴(kuo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)程(cheng)以(yi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)也(ye)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi);電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)系電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)同前;電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)系電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)加粗線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)導線(xian)(xian)、減(jian)少匝(za)數(shu)。對(dui)于更(geng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值需配合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互感器(qi)(qi)(qi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。通(tong)常可利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)數(shu)字電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)成交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)數(shu)字電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。

保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(fuse)也(ye)(ye)被稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)，IEC127標準(zhun)將它(ta)(ta)定(ding)義為(wei)"熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)體(ti)(ti)（fuse-link)"。其(qi)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)起過載保(bao)護(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中正確安(an)(an)置保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)就(jiu)會(hui)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)異常升高到(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度(du)和(he)熱(re)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)，自身熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，保(bao)護(hu)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)安(an)(an)全(quan)運(yun)行。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)發(fa)生故障或異常時，伴(ban)隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)升高，并且(qie)(qie)升高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)有可能(neng)損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某些重要(yao)器件(jian)，也(ye)(ye)有可能(neng)燒毀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)甚(shen)(shen)至造成火災(zai)。若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中正確地安(an)(an)置了保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)，那(nei)么保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)就(jiu)會(hui)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)異常升高到(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度(du)和(he)熱(re)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)，自身熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，從而起到(dao)(dao)(dao)保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)安(an)(an)全(quan)運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。一(yi)(yi)般保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)由三個(ge)部分(fen)組(zu)成：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)部分(fen)，它(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)時起到(dao)(dao)(dao)切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，同(tong)一(yi)(yi)類、同(tong)一(yi)(yi)規(gui)格保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)，材質要(yao)相同(tong)、幾何尺寸(cun)要(yao)相同(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值盡可能(neng)地小(xiao)且(qie)(qie)要(yao)一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)，最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)特性(xing)(xing)要(yao)一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)，家用(yong)(yong)(yong)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)銻合(he)金制成；二是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極部分(fen)，通常有兩個(ge)，它(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)聯接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)部件(jian)，它(ta)(ta)必(bi)(bi)須有良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)，不(bu)(bu)應(ying)產(chan)生明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)裝接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)；三是(shi)(shi)(shi)支架部分(fen)，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)一(yi)(yi)般都(dou)纖細柔軟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，支架的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)將熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)固(gu)定(ding)并使(shi)(shi)(shi)三個(ge)部分(fen)成為(wei)剛性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)(ti)便于安(an)(an)裝、使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，它(ta)(ta)必(bi)(bi)須有良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械強(qiang)度(du)、絕緣性(xing)(xing)、耐熱(re)性(xing)(xing)和(he)阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)性(xing)(xing)，在使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)中不(bu)(bu)應(ying)產(chan)生斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)裂、變形、燃(ran)(ran)燒及(ji)短路(lu)(lu)等現象。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)及(ji)大功(gong)率設備所(suo)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)，不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)有一(yi)(yi)般保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三個(ge)部分(fen)，而且(qie)(qie)還(huan)有滅(mie)弧(hu)裝置，因(yin)為(wei)這(zhe)類保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)所(suo)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較(jiao)大，而且(qie)(qie)當熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)發(fa)生熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)時其(qi)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也(ye)(ye)很高，往往會(hui)出(chu)現熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)已熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化（熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)）甚(shen)(shen)至已汽(qi)化，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)并沒(mei)有切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，其(qi)原因(yin)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)瞬間在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極之間發(fa)生拉弧(hu)現象。這(zhe)個(ge)滅(mie)弧(hu)裝置必(bi)(bi)須有很強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕緣性(xing)(xing)與很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)熱(re)性(xing)(xing)，且(qie)(qie)呈(cheng)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)。石英(ying)砂就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滅(mie)弧(hu)材料(liao)。

軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（Bearing）是(shi)(shi)當(dang)代(dai)機械設備中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種重(zhong)要(yao)零部(bu)件。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)功能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)支撐機械旋轉體，降低其運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)系數。滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之壽命(ming)(ming)以轉數（或(huo)以一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定轉速下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)時(shi)數）定義：在(zai)此(ci)(ci)壽命(ming)(ming)以內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，應在(zai)其任何軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圈或(huo)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)體上發生初步疲勞損(sun)(sun)壞（剝落或(huo)缺損(sun)(sun)）。然(ran)而(er)(er)無論(lun)在(zai)實(shi)(shi)驗室試驗或(huo)在(zai)實(shi)(shi)際使用中(zhong)，都可(ke)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看到，在(zai)同(tong)(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作條件下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外觀相同(tong)(tong)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，實(shi)(shi)際壽命(ming)(ming)大不相同(tong)(tong)。此(ci)(ci)外還(huan)有數種不同(tong)(tong)定義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“壽命(ming)(ming)”，其中(zhong)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)即(ji)所謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“工(gong)(gong)作壽命(ming)(ming)”，它表示某一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)損(sun)(sun)壞之前可(ke)達到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際壽命(ming)(ming)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)磨損(sun)(sun)、損(sun)(sun)壞通常(chang)并(bing)非由(you)(you)疲勞所致，而(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)磨損(sun)(sun)、腐蝕、密封損(sun)(sun)壞等原因造(zao)成(cheng)。深溝球軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)具代(dai)表性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。與(yu)(yu)尺寸相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其它類型軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相比，該(gai)(gai)類軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)系數小(xiao)，極限轉速高(gao)，結(jie)構(gou)簡單，制(zhi)造(zao)成(cheng)本(ben)低，精(jing)度(du)高(gao)，無需經(jing)常(chang)維護，而(er)(er)且(qie)尺寸范圍大、形式多，是(shi)(shi)應用*的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)類軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。它主要(yao)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)受徑(jing)向(xiang)(xiang)載荷(he)(he)，也(ye)可(ke)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)受一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)向(xiang)(xiang)載荷(he)(he)。當(dang)其僅承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)受徑(jing)向(xiang)(xiang)載荷(he)(he)時(shi)，接(jie)觸(chu)角為零。金屬(shu)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種以低成(cheng)本(ben)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統，用于(yu)無限行(xing)程(cheng)與(yu)(yu)圓(yuan)柱軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)配合使用。由(you)(you)于(yu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)載球與(yu)(yu)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)呈點接(jie)觸(chu)，故使用載荷(he)(he)小(xiao)。鋼球以極小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)阻力(li)旋轉，從而(er)(er)能(neng)(neng)獲(huo)得高(gao)精(jing)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平穩運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。塑料(liao)(liao)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種自潤滑特(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統，其于(yu)金屬(shu)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別就是(shi)(shi)金屬(shu)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)，軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)(yu)圓(yuan)柱軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之間(jian)是(shi)(shi)點接(jie)觸(chu)，所以這(zhe)種適(shi)(shi)合低載荷(he)(he)高(gao)速運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)；而(er)(er)塑料(liao)(liao)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)滑動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)，軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)(yu)圓(yuan)柱軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之間(jian)是(shi)(shi)面(mian)接(jie)觸(chu)，所以這(zhe)種適(shi)(shi)合高(gao)載荷(he)(he)中(zhong)低速運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。調心(xin)滾(gun)子軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有兩列對稱型球面(mian)滾(gun)子，主要(yao)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)受徑(jing)向(xiang)(xiang)載荷(he)(he)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)也(ye)能(neng)(neng)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)受任一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)向(xiang)(xiang)載荷(he)(he)，但(dan)不能(neng)(neng)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)受純軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)向(xiang)(xiang)載荷(he)(he)。該(gai)(gai)類軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外圈滾(gun)道是(shi)(shi)球面(mian)形，故其調心(xin)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)良好(hao)，能(neng)(neng)補償同(tong)(tong)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)度(du)誤差，當(dang)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)受力(li)彎曲或(huo)安(an)裝(zhuang)不同(tong)(tong)心(xin)時(shi)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)仍可(ke)正常(chang)使用，調心(xin)性(xing)隨(sui)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)尺寸系列不同(tong)(tong)而(er)(er)異(yi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)所允許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調心(xin)角度(du)為1~2.5度(du) ，該(gai)(gai)類型軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)力(li)較大，除能(neng)(neng)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)受徑(jing)向(xiang)(xiang)負(fu)荷(he)(he)外軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)還(huan)能(neng)(neng)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)受雙向(xiang)(xiang)作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)向(xiang)(xiang)負(fu)荷(he)(he)，具有較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗沖(chong)擊能(neng)(neng)力(li)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)來說(shuo)調心(xin)滾(gun)子軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所允許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作轉速較低。適(shi)(shi)用于(yu)重(zhong)載或(huo)振動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)載荷(he)(he)下(xia)工(gong)(gong)作。

蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)是液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)儲(chu)蓄(xu)裝(zhuang)置。它在(zai)適當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)機(ji)將(jiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)變為(wei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)或位(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)儲(chu)存起(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)需(xu)要時(shi)(shi)(shi)，又將(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)或位(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)變為(wei)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)或氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)而釋(shi)放出來(lai)(lai)(lai)，重(zhong)新補(bu)(bu)供(gong)給系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)瞬間(jian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)增大(da)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，它可(ke)以(yi)(yi)吸收(shou)(shou)這部分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)，以(yi)(yi)保證整個系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)。液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)油(you)(you)(you)(you)是不(bu)可(ke)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，因(yin)此利用(yong)(yong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)油(you)(you)(you)(you)是無法(fa)蓄(xu)積(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，必須依靠其(qi)他介(jie)質(zhi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)轉(zhuan)換、蓄(xu)積(ji)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。例如，利用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)（氮氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)性質(zhi)研(yan)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)(pi)囊(nang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)充氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)就(jiu)是一種(zhong)蓄(xu)積(ji)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)油(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置。皮(pi)(pi)囊(nang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)由油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)部分(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)帶有(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)密封件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)部分(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，位(wei)于皮(pi)(pi)囊(nang)周圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)回路(lu)接(jie)通(tong)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)升高時(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進入(ru)蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)被(bei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)，直(zhi)到系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)管(guan)路(lu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)不(bu)再上升；當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)管(guan)路(lu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)下降(jiang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)膨脹，將(jiang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)入(ru)回路(lu)，從而減緩管(guan)路(lu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下降(jiang)。蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)有(you)兩種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)途。①當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)低速運動(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)載(zai)荷(he)(he)需(xu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)小于液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)泵(beng)(beng)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)，液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)泵(beng)(beng)多余的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)儲(chu)入(ru)蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)載(zai)荷(he)(he)要求流(liu)(liu)量(liang)大(da)于液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)泵(beng)(beng)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)從蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)放出來(lai)(lai)(lai)，以(yi)(yi)補(bu)(bu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)泵(beng)(beng)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)之不(bu)足(zu)。②當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)停(ting)機(ji)但仍需(xu)維(wei)持一定(ding)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)停(ting)止液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)泵(beng)(beng)而由蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)補(bu)(bu)償系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泄漏，以(yi)(yi)保持系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)。蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)也(ye)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)來(lai)(lai)(lai)吸收(shou)(shou)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)泵(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)脈(mo)動(dong)或吸收(shou)(shou)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)沖擊壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)。蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)(suo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、重(zhong)錘(chui)或彈簧來(lai)(lai)(lai)產生(sheng)，相應地蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、重(zhong)錘(chui)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)彈簧式(shi)(shi)(shi)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)式(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)與液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)觸者(zhe)，稱(cheng)為(wei)接(jie)觸式(shi)(shi)(shi)，其(qi)結構簡單，容(rong)量(liang)大(da)，但液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)容(rong)易(yi)混入(ru)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)于水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)上。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)與液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)不(bu)接(jie)觸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)為(wei)隔(ge)(ge)離式(shi)(shi)(shi)，常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)皮(pi)(pi)囊(nang)和(he)(he)隔(ge)(ge)膜(mo)來(lai)(lai)(lai)隔(ge)(ge)離，皮(pi)(pi)囊(nang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)變化量(liang)大(da)，隔(ge)(ge)膜(mo)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)變化量(liang)小，常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)于吸收(shou)(shou)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)脈(mo)動(dong)。重(zhong)錘(chui)式(shi)(shi)(shi)容(rong)量(liang)較大(da)，常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)于軋機(ji)等(deng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)，供(gong)蓄(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)用(yong)(yong)。

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)是由(you)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筒、端(duan)蓋、活(huo)(huo)塞、活(huo)(huo)塞桿和(he)密封件等組成，引導活(huo)(huo)塞在(zai)(zai)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)內(nei)(nei)進行直線往(wang)復運動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓筒形(xing)金(jin)屬機(ji)件。空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)發動機(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)中(zhong)(zhong)通過(guo)膨脹將(jiang)熱能轉化(hua)為機(ji)械能；氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)在(zai)(zai)壓(ya)縮機(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)中(zhong)(zhong)接(jie)受(shou)活(huo)(huo)塞壓(ya)縮而提高壓(ya)力。渦輪機(ji)、旋轉活(huo)(huo)塞式(shi)(shi)發動機(ji)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殼體(ti)通常也稱(cheng)“氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)”。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用領域(yu)：印刷(shua)（張力控(kong)制）、半導體(ti)（點焊機(ji)、芯片研磨(mo)）、自動化(hua)控(kong)制、機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)等等。內(nei)(nei)燃機(ji)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)體(ti)上安放(fang)活(huo)(huo)塞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)腔。是活(huo)(huo)塞運動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軌道，燃氣(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)燃燒及(ji)膨脹，通過(guo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)壁(bi)還(huan)能散去一(yi)部分燃氣(qi)(qi)(qi)傳(chuan)給(gei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆發余熱，使發動機(ji)保(bao)持(chi)正常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作溫度。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)型式(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)整(zheng)體(ti)式(shi)(shi)和(he)單鑄式(shi)(shi)。單鑄式(shi)(shi)又分為干式(shi)(shi)和(he)濕式(shi)(shi)兩種。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)和(he)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)體(ti)鑄成一(yi)個整(zheng)體(ti)時稱(cheng)整(zheng)體(ti)式(shi)(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang);氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)和(he)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)體(ti)分別鑄造時，單鑄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筒稱(cheng)為氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)套(tao)(tao)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)套(tao)(tao)與(yu)冷卻水直接(jie)接(jie)觸(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)作濕式(shi)(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)套(tao)(tao);不與(yu)冷卻水直接(jie)接(jie)觸(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)作干式(shi)(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)套(tao)(tao)。為了保(bao)持(chi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)與(yu)活(huo)(huo)塞接(jie)觸(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴密性(xing)，減少活(huo)(huo)塞在(zai)(zai)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)運動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)摩擦(ca)損失，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)內(nei)(nei)壁(bi)應有(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)精(jing)度和(he)精(jing)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀尺寸。

編碼器（encoder）是將信號（如比特流）或數據編制、轉換為可用以通訊、傳輸和存儲之形式的設備。編碼器是把角位移或直線位移轉換成電信號的一種裝置。前者稱為碼盤，后者稱為碼尺。按照讀出方式編碼器可以分為接觸式和非接觸式兩種；編碼器產生電信號后由數控制置CNC、可編程邏輯控制器PLC、控制系統等來處理。這些傳感器主要應用在下列方面：機床、材料加工、電動機反饋系統以及測量和控制設備。在ELTRA編碼器中角位移的轉換采用了光電掃描原理。讀數系統是基于徑向分度盤的旋轉，該分度由交替的透光窗口和不透光窗口構成的。此系統全部用一個紅外光源垂直照射，增量式編碼器是將位移轉換成周期性的電信號，再把這個電信號轉變成計數脈沖，用脈沖的個數表示位移的大小。編碼器的每一個位置對應一個確定的數字碼，因此它的示值只與測量的起始和終止位置有關，而與測量的中間過程無關。旋轉增量式編碼器以轉動時輸出脈沖，通過計數設備來知道其位置，當編碼器不動或停電時，依靠計數設備的內部記憶來記住位置。這樣，當停電后，編碼器不能有任何的移動，當來電工作時，編碼器輸出脈沖過程中，也不能有干擾而丟失脈沖，不然，計數設備記憶的零點就會偏移，而且這種偏移的量是無從知道的，只有錯誤的生產結果出現后才能知道。解決的方法是增加參考點，編碼器每經過參考點，將參考位置修正進計數設備的記憶位置。在參考點以前，是不能保證位置的準確性的。為此，在工控中就有每次操作先找參考點，開機找零等方法。這樣的編碼器是由碼盤的機械位置決定的，它不受停電、干擾的影響。編碼器是把角位移或直線位移轉換成電信號的一種裝置。前者成為碼盤，后者稱碼尺．按照讀出方式編碼器可以分為接觸式和非接觸式兩種．接觸式采用電刷輸出，一電刷接觸導電區或絕緣區來表示代碼的狀態是“1”還是“0”；非接觸式的接受敏感元件是光敏元件或磁敏元件，采用光敏元件時以透光區和不透光區來表示代碼的狀態是“1”還是“0”。使用的汽缸密封劑質量不好、雜質過多或是型號不對；汽缸密封劑內若有堅硬的雜質顆粒就會使密封面難以緊密的結合。
汽缸螺栓的緊力不足或是螺栓的材質不合格。汽缸結合面的嚴密性主要靠螺栓的緊力來實現的。機組的起停或是增減負荷時產生的熱應力和高溫會造成螺栓的應力松弛，如果應力不足，螺栓的預緊力就會逐漸減小。如果汽缸的螺栓材質不好，螺栓在長時間的運行當中，在熱應力和汽缸膨脹力的作用下被拉長，發生塑性變形或斷裂，緊力就會不足，使汽缸發生泄漏的現象。
SCHUNK    ANGULAR GRIPPER    307138 GWB 64
SCHUNK    備件    0303510 PZN-plus 64-1-AS
SCHUNK    氣缸    PGF 64 AS；340366
SCHUNK    翻轉氣缸    0303941 GSM-P-40-AS-S-180
SCHUNK    氣爪    0308640 JGP100-1
SCHUNK    氣缸    0303941GSM-P-40-AS-S-180
SCHUNK    減震器    WP-M-0.15-166   Id.-Nr.9940587
SCHUNK    備件    0361634
SCHUNK    備件    SWA-021-K21-000 Nr:30068548
SCHUNK    平行爪    2-Finger Parallel GripperPGN-plus64-2-AS (371 093)
SCHUNK    傳感器    IN 80-S-M12  0301578
SCHUNK    卡抓    DPG+125-1(304341)
SCHUNK    氣缸    PGN50-1/39370099
SCHUNK    傳感器    MMSZ22-S-M8-PNP 訂貨號0301032
SCHUNK    組件    Delta 110-SSS0-M-1605-360-580-6BL-1
SCHUNK    氣爪    0340011
SCHUNK    備件    0301504 INW 40/S-M12 （包含0301574 IN 40/S-M12接近開關    0301503 KA BW12-L 3P-0300-PNP 線纜）
SCHUNK    減徑套    0207927
SCHUNK    備件    0301032 MMS-22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK    卡抓    DPG+125-1(304341)
SCHUNK    翻轉氣缸    0303941 GSM-P-40-AS-S-180
SCHUNK    ANGULAR GRIPPER    307138 GWB 64
SCHUNK    氣缸    BSWS-B 125 序列號：303029
SCHUNK    快速換形系統    SWA-011-000-000
SCHUNK    氣爪    0340007 MPG12
SCHUNK    備件    0303662
SCHUNK    備件    MPG+50 0305531
SCHUNK    傳感器    MMS22-S-M8-PNP 0301032
SCHUNK    氣缸磁開關    MMS22-SPM8  301032
SCHUNK    氣缸    362202
SCHUNK    氣爪    0303311 PZN+80-1
SCHUNK    備件    DPZ-PLUS 64-2  304412
SCHUNK    傳感器    IN80/S-M8(301478)
SCHUNK    翻轉氣缸    0303941 GSM-P-40-AS-S-180
SCHUNK    備件    0301273   KAS-36B-A-0
SCHUNK    氣動卡盤    PZB-plus 125-1
SCHUNK    氣缸磁開關    MMS22-SPM8  301032
SCHUNK    氣缸    0370100 PGN 64/1
SCHUNK    機械手    JGP 64-1-AS  308621
SCHUNK    旋轉式氣缸    SRU+40-W-180-3 0362220
SCHUNK    備件    301294   KAS-19B-K-90-C
SCHUNK    備件    301032MMS-22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK    備件    JGP160-1 308660
SCHUNK    備件    DPG+125-1-AS 30081438
SCHUNK    備件    LGP16    0312906
SCHUNK    備件    9935816
SCHUNK    感應器    301035  MMSK22-S-NPN
SCHUNK    備件    1346YYH013(9935820)
SCHUNK    氣爪    PGN-PLUS 40  371080
SCHUNK    卡爪    0307010
SCHUNK    備件    0371104 PGN-PLUS-160-1

SCHUNK    備件    K14Z3 10193460
SCHUNK    維修包    370700
SCHUNK    氣缸    PZN+125-1-IS No.303543
SCHUNK    備件    PKS-SD-80/N-2-12-D-W      30038744
SCHUNK    傳感器    0301432
SCHUNK    備件    0308610
SCHUNK    連接器    R19 adapter 9935816
SCHUNK    氣缸    PSH42-2 30065096
SCHUNK    機械手    PHE100-120 300990
SCHUNK    阻尼    9951813 WP-M 0.6-466
SCHUNK    備件    371095
SCHUNK    接近開關    MMS-P22-S-M8-PNP 0301370
SCHUNK    卡爪    MPG 32-IS 0340061
SCHUNK    備件    PZN-PLUS 40 ID 0303308
SCHUNK    氣爪手指    MPG32  0340011
SCHUNK    備件    302322
SCHUNK    夾持器    PZN+64-1-AS  0303510
SCHUNK    感應器    0301033 MMS22-S-M8-NPN
SCHUNK    備件    39371153
SCHUNK    平行氣爪    DPG-plus 80-1-ASRef: 0304323DPG-plus 80-1-ASRef: 0304323
SCHUNK    備件    0324450 AGE-XY-050
SCHUNK    旋轉氣缸齒條    5515758 RITZEL_MDF SRU 20
SCHUNK    備件    30030972
SCHUNK    夾爪    362602
SCHUNK    備件    PGN+125-1   30032315
SCHUNK    平行爪    2-Finger Parallel GripperPGN-plus64-2-AS (371 093)
SCHUNK    備件    30803649
SCHUNK    接近開關    MMS-P22-S-M8-PNP 0301370
SCHUNK    備件    JCP64-1AS  308621
SCHUNK    備件    0371104
SCHUNK    備件    0301474 IN40/S-M8
SCHUNK    連接器    9935815 SWO-R19-K
SCHUNK    備件    0305170 PZB+100-1
SCHUNK    卡爪氣缸    PGN+100/1AS 371402
SCHUNK    夾爪缸    0371101 PGN+80-1
SCHUNK    氣缸    0302122 PSH 22-1
SCHUNK    氣爪    0300275 KTG 50
SCHUNK    開關    0301578  IN 80-S-M12，NHS PNP
SCHUNK    2指通用夾具2-Finger    Universal GripperGSM-P 32-E-090(0304630)
SCHUNK    備件    Gripper(DPG+100-1 304331)
SCHUNK    備件    0324452 AGE-Z-050
SCHUNK    備件    0309262  2914  302753
SCHUNK    換槍盤電器插座    9935820
SCHUNK    備件    31001154
SCHUNK    備件    0301237 KAS-19G-A-90-C CABLE PLUG FOR SWA M19 T19 T14 MT14
SCHUNK    備件    0308650 JGP 125-1
SCHUNK    氣缸    SRU+35-W(362062)
SCHUNK    備件    PGN-plus 64-1 AS 0371092
SCHUNK    緩沖器    5521769 DED-14-S  Dämpfer-Elastomer-Dämpfer
SCHUNK    備件    301478
SCHUNK    組件    Delta 110-SSS0-M-1605-360-580-6BL-1
SCHUNK    備件    0308650  JGP125-1
SCHUNK    備件    SWK-040-R19-000-SIP-INW08 Nr.30050314
SCHUNK    機械手    PHE100-120 300990
SCHUNK    機械手    MPG 25 貨號340010
SCHUNK    氣缸    0303941GSM-P-40-AS-S-180
SCHUNK    備件    MMS 22-S-M8-NPN
SCHUNK    氣缸    PZN+40-IS  303538
SCHUNK    備件    MMS 22-PI1-S-M8-PNP 0301160
SCHUNK    備件    MMSK22-SPNP  5523132
SCHUNK    清洗機氣缸    PGN-plus240-2-SD ID:0371158
SCHUNK    電氣單元    0301270 KAS-08G-K-90
SCHUNK    備件    BSWS-B 80   303025
SCHUNK    備件    MMS 22-S-M8-NPN
SCHUNK    汽缸    PGN80/1      370101
SCHUNK    電氣單元    0301270 KAS-08G-K-90
SCHUNK    備件    IN80/S-M8  0301478
SCHUNK    備件    FMS-AK1000
SCHUNK    備件    313269
SCHUNK    備件    PSH 42-2  30081666
SCHUNK    旋轉氣缸    SRU+50-W-180-90  362652
SCHUNK    備件    5510269   OSE-A34-0
SCHUNK    手爪    340512
SCHUNK    夾爪    0471120
SCHUNK    備件    SRU-Plus35-W-180-90-M  0362060
SCHUNK    備件    0371402 PGN+100-1-AS
SCHUNK    液壓刀柄    SK50D20MM-92119745
SCHUNK    夾緊缸    PGF 64-AS 340366
SCHUNK    ANGULAR GRIPPER    307138 GWB 64
SCHUNK    傳感器標定工具    0301026  ST-MMS22-PI2-PNP
SCHUNK    備件    PGN+125-1   30032315
SCHUNK    感應器    0301033 MMS22-S-M8-NPN
SCHUNK    備件    0303511 PZN+80-1-AS
SCHUNK    備件    301283
SCHUNK    機械手    PGN-Plus-80-1-AS  0371401
SCHUNK    備件    DPG-PLUS 125-2-IS-EX 0304255
SCHUNK    備件    DPG-PLUS 200-1-AS 0304363
SCHUNK    平行爪手    PGN-PLUS 160-1-AS  371404
SCHUNK    備件    0301249
SCHUNK    旋轉單元    0303931
SCHUNK    備件    0305182
SCHUNK    夾具    SWA150 302453
SCHUNK    備件    313222 RP 2120-K-H
SCHUNK    備件    MMS 22-S-M8-NPN
SCHUNK    傳感器    MMSZ22-S-M8-PNP 訂貨號0301032
SCHUNK    備件    30050314
SCHUNK    備件    0371099 PGN+50-1
SCHUNK    備件    PKS-SD-80/N-2-12-D-W      30038744
SCHUNK    電插頭    9937798
SCHUNK    電磁開關    IN 80-S-M8（301478）
SCHUNK    抓手    JGP 125-1    0308650
SCHUNK    傳感器三芯電纜    0301503
SCHUNK    備件    PGN+200-1 AS-SD V 30040056  9664003
SCHUNK    電磁閥    30048851
SCHUNK    備件    0305160 PZB-plus 80-1
SCHUNK    備件    GSM-P-64-E-090 0304660
SCHUNK    氣爪    0303311 PZN+80-1
SCHUNK    旋轉氣爪    30010853
SCHUNK    備件    0370895
SCHUNK    氣缸    PSH 22-1  302122
SCHUNK    備件    31000749
SCHUNK    備件    PGN300-1-AS
SCHUNK    備件    PGN-80-1
SCHUNK    機械手    PZN-PLUS 125-2-AS  37303613
SCHUNK    備件    PZB 64  300345
SCHUNK    備件    0361400
SCHUNK    氣缸    0340010 MPG 25-2-FINGER
SCHUNK    夾具    0371462
SCHUNK    傳感器    MMS22-S-M8-PNP 0301032
SCHUNK    備件    SWA-150-000-000 0302453
SCHUNK    部件    A-PZN+50 0303719
SCHUNK    機械手    DPG+100-1     304331
SCHUNK    備件    LM 200-H150
SCHUNK    備件    371104
SCHUNK    備件    0301622 KA BG08-L 3P-0300-PNP
SCHUNK    備件    PGN80-1
SCHUNK    夾爪    362602
SCHUNK    備件    PZN+300-1 0303317
SCHUNK    備件    0301032 MMS-22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK    備件    0302612 PWG 60-S
SCHUNK    備件    GWK64  0302506
SCHUNK    機器人附件    SWK-110-000-000-SM  0302412
SCHUNK    翻轉氣缸    SRU+35-W-180-3-VM 0362040
SCHUNK    汽缸    PGN100-1  371102
SCHUNK    19直角接頭    0301294 KAS-19B-K-90-C
SCHUNK    傳感器    30075759 MMS22-S-PI2-M8-HD
SCHUNK    備件    0301032
SCHUNK    接近開關    0301478 IN80-S-M8
SCHUNK    備件    0371401+0371481 PGN-PLUS 80-1-AS+HUE
SCHUNK    備件    SRU+35-W-180-3-4-M8 30069560
SCHUNK    備件    BSWS-B 80   303025
SCHUNK    連接器(qi)    9935816 SWO-R19-A

SCHUNK 氣缸 PSH 22-1 302122翊霈推薦供應

SCHUNK 氣缸 PSH 22-1 302122翊霈推薦供應